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Pressure vessels are held together against the gas pressure due to tensile forces within the walls of the container. Stress in a shallow-walled pressure ... more

The evacuation time for a vacuum pump can be calculated as shown

Time-domain reflectometry or TDR is a measurement technique used to determine the characteristics of electrical lines by ... more

For flow in a pipe or a sphere moving in a fluid the internal diameter is generally used today. Other shapes such as rectangular pipes or non-spherical ... more

In optics, the Airy disk (or Airy disc) and Airy pattern are descriptions of the best focused spot of light that a perfect lens with a circular aperture ... more

An ebullioscope (from the Latin ēbullīre is an instrument for measuring the boiling point of a liquid. This can be used for determining the alcoholic ... more

Sound intensity or acoustic intensity is defined as the sound power per unit area. Sound intensity is not the same physical quantity as sound pressure. ... more

BHN or Brinell Number is the numerical value assigned to the hardness of metals and alloys. The test is to determine the hardness ... more

A circle can be defined as the curve traced out by a point that moves so that its distance from a given point is constant. In an x–y Cartesian coordinate ... more

Often during their use, heat exchangers collect a layer of fouling on the surface which, in addition to potentially contaminating a stream, reduces the ... more