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Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions. If an electron ... more

An activity coefficient is a factor used in thermodynamics to account for deviations from ideal behaviour in a mixture of chemical substances.In an ideal ... more

A pendulum is a body suspended from a fixed support so that it swings freely back and forth under the influence of gravity. A so-called “simple ... more

The logit function is the inverse of the sigmoidal “logistic” function or logistic transform used in mathematics, especially in statistics. ... more

Ellipse is a curve on a plane surrounding two focal points such that a straight line drawn from one of the focal points to any point on the curve and then ... more

The Heronian mean of two non-negative real numbers is a weighted mean of their arithmetic and geometric means.The weighted mean is similar to an ... more

In mathematics, generalised means are a family of functions for aggregating sets of numbers, that include as special cases the arithmetic, geometric, and ... more

A logistic function or logistic curve is a common “S” shape (sigmoid curve). Data that follows an increasing logistic curve usually describes ... more

In chemical thermodynamics, the fugacity of a real gas is an effective pressure which replaces the true mechanical pressure in accurate chemical ... more

Auger electron spectroscopy is a common analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces and, more generally, in the area of materials ... more