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In science, buckling is a mathematical instability that leads to a failure mode.
When a structure is subjected to compressive stress, buckling may ... more
The modulus of elasticity of concrete is a function of the modulus of elasticity of the aggregates and the cement matrix and their relative proportions. ... more
In a fluid at rest, all frictional stresses vanish and the state of stress of the system is called hydrostatic.For water and other liquids, this integral ... more
The Hall effect is the production of a voltage difference (the Hall voltage) across an electrical conductor, transverse to an electric current in the ... more
The basic principle of the Vickers hardness test, as with all common measures of hardness, is to observe the questioned material’s ability to resist ... more
In orbital mechanics, Kepler’s equation relates various geometric properties of the orbit of a body subject to a central force.
It was first ... more
In optics and especially laser science, the Rayleigh length or Rayleigh range is the distance along the propagation direction of a beam from the waist to ... more
The general equation for a circle with a center not necessary at the pole, gives the length of the radius of the circle.
The polar coordinate system
... more
A Bingham plastic is a viscoplastic material that behaves as a rigid body at low stresses but flows as a viscous fluid at high stress. It is named after ... more
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