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The Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the “useful” work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant ... more

Electrical resistivity (also known as resistivity, specific electrical resistance, or volume resistivity) is an intrinsic property that quantifies how ... more

A geometric progression, also known as a geometric sequence, is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous ... more

The equation yields the surface averaged Nusselt number, which is used to determine the average convective heat transfer coefficient. Newton’s law of ... more

In mathematics, the root mean square , also known as the quadratic mean, is a statistical measure of the magnitude of a varying quantity. In a balanced ... more

According to Stokes’ law, a perfect sphere traveling through a viscous liquid feels a drag force proportional to the frictional coefficient. The diffusion ... more

Electrical resistivity (also known as resistivity, specific electrical resistance, or volume resistivity) is an intrinsic property that quantifies how ... more

Heat capacity, or thermal capacity, is a measurable physical quantity equal to the ratio of the heat added to (or subtracted from) an object to the ... more

Ejection fraction (EF) is the fraction of blood in the left and right ventricles pumped out with each heartbeat. EF is applied to both the right ... more

In finance, the beta (β) of an investment is a measure of the risk arising from exposure to general market movements as opposed to idiosyncratic factors. ... more