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The power of a point is a real number that reflects the relative distance of a given point from a given circle. It is related to the distance from the ... more

The Manning formula is also known as the Gauckler–Manning formula, or Gauckler–Manning–Strickler formula in Europe. In the United States, in practice, it ... more

Contact mechanics is the study of the deformation of solids that touch each other at one or more points. When two solid surfaces are brought into close ... more

In ductile materials, a plastic zone develops at the tip of the crack. The plastic loading and unloading cycle near the crack tip leads to the dissipation ... more

The basic principle of the Vickers hardness test, as with all common measures of hardness, is to observe the questioned material’s ability to resist ... more

Auger electron spectroscopy is a common analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces and, more generally, in the area of materials ... more

The specific weight (also known as the unit weight) is the weight per unit volume of a material.
The terms specific gravity, and less often specific ... more

In fluid flow, friction loss (or skin friction) is the loss of pressure or “head” that occurs in pipe or duct flow due to the effect of the fluid’s ... more

In radiometry, radiant exitance is the radiant flux emitted by a surface per unit area, and spectral exitance is the radiant exitance of a surface per unit ... more

For a channel that is at an angle a from horizontal, the shear component of the stress acting on the bed , which is the component acting ... more