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Shear stress, is defined as the component of stress coplanar with a material cross section. Shear stress arises from the force vector component parallel to ... more

In astronomy, Kepler’s laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun.

1.The orbit of a ... more

A lens is a transmissive optical device which affects the focusing of a light beam through refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of ... more

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed.
Total energy is constant in any process. It may change in form or be transferred from one system to ... more

In astronomy, Kepler’s laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun.

1.The orbit of a ... more

In probability theory and statistics, the gamma distribution is a two-parameter family of continuous probability distributions. The parameterization with α ... more

The Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the “useful” work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant ... more

Calculates the volume of a hollow sphere. A sphere is a perfectly round geometrical and circular object in three-dimensional space that resembles the shape ... more

Knudsen diffusion is a means of diffusion that occurs when the scale length of a system is comparable to or smaller than the mean free path of the ... more

In statistical mechanics, Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics describes the average distribution of non-interacting material particles over various energy states ... more