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The theoretical maximum efficiency of any heat engine depends only on the temperatures it operates between. This efficiency is usually derived using an ... more

A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass ... more

In orbital mechanics, Kepler’s equation relates various geometric properties of the orbit of a body subject to a central force.

It was first ... more

A Helmholtz coil is a device for producing a region of nearly uniform magnetic field. It consists of two identical solenoid electromagnets on the same ... more

A spherical polygon on the surface of the sphere is defined by a number of great circle arcs which are the intersection of the surface with planes through ... more

An activity coefficient is a factor used in thermodynamics to account for deviations from ideal behaviour in a mixture of chemical substances.In an ideal ... more

In probability theory, the normal (or Gaussian) distribution is a very commonly occurring continuous probability distribution—a function that tells the ... more

Joule heating , is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor releases heat. Joule heating is depending on the resistance ... more

The Antoine equation is a vapor pressure equation and describes the relation between vapor pressure and temperature for pure components. The Antoine ... more

A spherical wedge or ungula is a portion of a ball bounded by two plane semidisks and a spherical lune (termed the wedge’s base). The angle between ... more