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Contact mechanics is the study of the deformation of solids that touch each other at one or more points.When two solid surfaces are brought into close ... more

In ductile materials, a plastic zone develops at the tip of the crack. The plastic loading and unloading cycle near the crack tip leads to the dissipation ... more

In mathematics, an annulus (the Latin word for “little ring”, with plural annuli) is a ring-shaped object, especially a region bounded by two ... more

Buoyancy is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object. Buoyant force equivalent to the weight of the fluid that ... more

The radius of the circle on which lie a set of points is, by definition, the radius of the circumcircle of any triangle with vertices at any three of those ... more

In optics and especially laser science, the Rayleigh length or Rayleigh range is the distance along the propagation direction of a beam from the waist to ... more

Geodetic latitude is the angle between the normal and the equatorial plane. The distance from the Earth’s center to a point on the spheroid surface ... more

In celestial mechanics, the standard gravitational parameter μ of a celestial body is the product of the gravitational constant G and the mass M of the ... more

In fluid mechanics, the Rayleigh number (Ra) for a fluid is a dimensionless number associated with buoyancy-driven flow, also known as free convection or ... more

The orbital eccentricity of an astronomical object is a parameter that determines the amount by which its orbit around another body deviates from a perfect ... more