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Richardson's law

Thermionic emission is the thermally induced flow of charge carriers from a surface or over a potential-energy barrier. This occurs because the thermal ... more

Closed magnetic circuit (magnetic field)

An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned ... more

Solute flux (Forward osmosis)

Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotic process that, like reverse osmosis (RO), uses a semi-permeable membrane to effect separation of water from dissolved ... more

Closed magnetic circuit ( Lorentz force )

An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned ... more

Output Voltage (voltage divider)

A voltage divider (potential divider) is a linear circuit that produces an output voltage that is a fraction of its input voltage. Voltage division refers ... more

Capacitive divider (only for AC)

A voltage divider (potential divider) is a linear circuit that produces an output voltage that is a fraction of its input voltage. Voltage division refers ... more

Voltage gain (for equal impedances)

The power gain can be calculated using voltage instead of power using Joule’s first law to calculate a voltage gain. In many cases, the input and ... more

Voltage gain - simplified formula (for equal impedances)

The power gain can be calculated using voltage instead of power using Joule’s first law to calculate a voltage gain. In many cases, the input and ... more

Absolute thermal resistance (across the length of the material)

Thermal resistance is a heat property and a measurement of a temperature difference by which an object or material resists a heat flow. Absolute thermal ... more

Landauer's Principle

Landauer’s principle is a physical principle pertaining to the lower theoretical limit of energy consumption of computation. It holds that “any ... more

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