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For many applications involving terrestrial albedo, the albedo at a particular solar zenith angle θi can reasonably be approximated by the formula ... more

In superconductors, the London penetration depth (usually denoted as λ or λ_L) characterizes the distance to which a magnetic field penetrates into a ... more

In fluid dynamics, the Chézy formula describes the mean flow velocity of steady, turbulent (a flow regime characterized by chaotic property changes), open ... more

The elliptic paraboloid is shaped like an oval cup and can have a maximum or minimum point. In a suitable coordinate system with three axes x, y, and z, it ... more

In orbital mechanics, Kepler’s equation relates various geometric properties of the orbit of a body subject to a central force.

It was first ... more

Miller indices form a notation system in crystallography for planes in crystal (Bravais) lattices.
In particular, a family of lattice planes is ... more

In solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque. The torsion constant is a geometrical property of a bar’s ... more

The terminal velocity of a particle which is falling in the viscous fluid under its own weight due to gravity.
Generally, for small particles (laminar ... more

In optics and especially laser science, the Rayleigh length or Rayleigh range is the distance along the propagation direction of a beam from the waist to ... more

Surface runoff is the water flow that occurs when the soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess water from rain. The runoff is depended on the ... more