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The Fresnel equations (or Fresnel conditions) describe the behaviour of light when moving between media of differing refractive indices. The reflection of ... more

The Fresnel equations (or Fresnel conditions) describe the behaviour of light when moving between media of differing refractive indices. The reflection of ... more

The Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism is an astronomical process that occurs when the surface of a star or a planet cools. The cooling causes the pressure to ... more

Electromotive force, abbreviated emf (denoted ℰ and measured in volts) is the electrical intensity or “pressure” developed by a source of ... more

The ideal gas constant, denoted by the symbol R or R) is a physical constant which is featured in many fundamental equations in the physical sciences, ... more

Potential energy is stored in the crust in the form of built-up stress. During an earthquake a small fraction of the seismic moment is converted into ... more

Dividend payout ratio is the fraction of net income a firm pays to its stockholders in dividends. The part of the earnings not paid to investors is left ... more

A perpetuity is payments of a set amount of money that occur on a routine basis and continues forever. Present value of a perpetuity is an infinite and ... more

In economics, present value, also known as present discounted value, is a future amount of money that has been discounted to reflect its current value, as ... more

Future value is the value of an asset at a specific date. It measures the nominal future sum of money that a given sum of money is “worth” at a ... more