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Heat-affected zone - heat input for arc welding

The cross-section of a welded butt joint, with the darkest gray representing the weld or fusion zone, the medium gray the heat affected zone, and the ... more

Characteristic equation of a solar cell - function of output current and voltage

The theory of solar cells explains the process by which light energy in photons is converted into electric current when the photons strike a suitable ... more

Drift velocity in a current-carrying metallic conductor

The drift velocity is the average velocity that a particle, such as an electron, attains due to an electric field. In general, an electron will 'rattle ... more

Inductive Reactance

In electrical and electronic systems, reactance is the opposition of a circuit element to a change of electric current or voltage, due to that ... more

Total constant power (Three-phase electric application)

In electrical engineering, three-phase electric power systems have at least three conductors carrying alternating current voltages that are offset in time ... more

Hall coefficient in semiconductors (for moderate magnetic fields)

The Hall effect is the production of a voltage difference (the Hall voltage) across an electrical conductor, transverse to an electric current in the ... more

Hawking Radiation - Temperature of a black body (or a black hole)

A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. A black hole ... more

Capacitive Reactance

In electrical and electronic systems, reactance is the opposition of a circuit element to a change of electric current or voltage, due to that ... more

Ideal Transformer equation - Currents

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two circuits through electromagnetic induction. A transformer may be used as a safe and ... more

Voltage gain - simplified formula (for equal impedances)

The power gain can be calculated using voltage instead of power using Joule’s first law to calculate a voltage gain. In many cases, the input and ... more

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