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Electrical impedance is the measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied. The term complex impedance may be ... more

The R-value is a measure of thermal resistance, or ability of heat to transfer from hot to cold, through materials (such as insulation) and assemblies of ... more

In statistical mechanics, Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics describes the average distribution of non-interacting material particles over various energy states ... more

In statistical mechanics and mathematics, a Boltzmann distribution (also called Gibbs distribution) is a probability distribution, probability measure, or ... more

The Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the “useful” work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant ... more

Potential energy is stored in the crust in the form of built-up stress. During an earthquake a small fraction of the seismic moment is converted into ... more

In ductile materials, a plastic zone develops at the tip of the crack. The plastic loading and unloading cycle near the crack tip leads to the dissipation ... more

In statistical mechanics and mathematics, a Boltzmann distribution (also called Gibbs distribution) is a probability distribution, probability measure, or ... more

In statistical mechanics and mathematics, a Boltzmann distribution (also called Gibbs distribution) is a probability distribution, probability measure, or ... more

Heat engines transform thermal energy, or heat into mechanical energy, or work. They cannot do this task perfectly, so some of the input heat energy is not ... more