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Lotka’s law, named after Alfred J. Lotka, is one of a variety of special applications of Zipf’s law. It describes the frequency of publication ... more

The refractive index is used for optics in Fresnel equations and Snell’s law; while the relative permittivity and permeability are used in ... more

Aside from momentum, when a vehicle makes a turn, two forces are acting upon it. The first is gravity, which pulls the vehicle toward the ground. The ... more

The Townsend discharge is a gas ionization process where free electrons, accelerated by a sufficiently strong electric field, give rise to electrical ... more

Escape velocity is the speed at which the kinetic energy plus the gravitational potential energy of an object is zero. It is the speed needed to ... more

Auger electron spectroscopy is a common analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces and, more generally, in the area of materials ... more

Piezoelectricity is the combined effect of the electrical behavior of the material Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain ... more

The drift velocity is the average velocity that a particle, such as an electron, attains due to an electric field. In general, an electron will 'rattle ... more

The depth of focus (or depth of field) is a lens optics concept that measures the tolerance of placement of the image plane (the film plane in a camera) in ... more

Joule heating , is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor releases heat. Joule heating is depending on the resistance ... more