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In signal processing, control theory, electronics, and mathematics, overshoot is the occurrence of a signal or function exceeding its target. It arises ... more

The terms “relative change” and “relative difference” are used to compare two quantities while taking into account the ... more

In spherical trigonometry, the law of cosines (also called the cosine rule for sides) is a theorem relating the sides and angles of spherical triangles, ... more

An annuity is a series of payments made at fixed intervals of time. An annuity-due is an annuity whose payments are made at the beginning of each period. ... more

Future value of an annuity is the future value of a stream of payments (annuity), assuming the payments are invested at a given rate of interest.
An ... more

Clairaut’s theorem is a general mathematical law applying to spheroids of revolution. The formula can be used to relate the gravity at any point on ... more

In biology or human geography, population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population.
The “population growth ... more

Miller indices form a notation system in crystallography for planes in crystal (Bravais) lattices.
In particular, a family of lattice planes is ... more

In finance, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an ... more

The Friis transmission equation is used in telecommunications engineering, and gives the power received by one antenna under idealized conditions given ... more