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Far away from a magnet, its magnetic field is almost always described (to a good approximation) by a dipole field characterized by its total magnetic ... more

Calculates the standard deviation (SD) of a series of numbers (x).
In statistics, the standard deviation (SD) is a measure that is used to quantify ... more

The Vickers hardness test was developed in 1921 by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure ... more

Rectangle is any quadrilateral with four right angles. It can also be defined as an equiangular quadrilateral, since equiangular means that all of its ... more

The Richardson number (Ri) is named after Lewis Fry Richardson (1881 – 1953). It is the dimensionless number that expresses the ratio of potential to ... more

The variance is a parameter that describes, in part, either the actual probability distribution of an observed population of numbers, or the theoretical ... more

For flow in a pipe or tube, the Reynolds number is generally defined as presented here.

For shapes such as squares, rectangular or annular ducts ... more

Pixels per inch (PPI) (or pixels per centimeter (PPCM)) is a measurement of the pixel density ... more

In finance, holding period return (HPR) is the total return on an asset or portfolio over the period during which it was held. It ... more

Number density is an intensive quantity used to describe the degree of concentration of countable objects. For atoms or molecules of a well-defined ... more